Solution and Conclusion

 

For low-income countries that struggle with weak healthcare systems, large populations of impoverished people and crowded megacities, "there needs to be a very major adaptation" to the established measures we have been using to fight COVID-19, says Dr. Wafaa El-Sadr, an epidemiologist and director of ICAP, a global health organization at Columbia University.

The COVID-19 playbook that wealthy nations in Europe, Asia and North America have come to know — stay home as much as possible, keep a six-foot distance from others, wash hands often — will be nearly impossible to follow in much of the developing world.

"I think they're trying, but it's not easy," El-Sadr says. "Ministries of health are working, partnering with international organizations to try to innovate — and hopefully, if the innovation works, it can be scaled up.”

A vaccine to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is perhaps the best hope for eradicating this pandemic. Currently researchers are racing to create a vaccine with maximum efficiency. While vaccine development can take years, researchers are not starting from scratch to develop a COVID-19 vaccine. Past research on SARS and MERS vaccines has identified potential approaches.

There are currently more than 50 COVID-19 vaccine candidates in trials. WHO is working in collaboration with scientists, businesses, and global health organizations to speed up the pandemic response. When a safe and effective vaccine is found, COVAX (led by WHO, GAVI and CEPI) will facilitate the equitable access and distribution of these vaccines to protect people in all countries. People most at risk will be prioritized. While WHO works towards rolling out a safe and effective vaccine fairly, we must continue the essential public health actions to suppress transmission and reduce mortality.

Some of the most promising COVID-19 vaccines are listed below:

Oxford vaccine: Developed by a partnership of AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford. This virus has been manipulated so that it teaches the human body to recognize spike proteins in the human body so that when someone is exposed to the coronavirus, their immune system knows to destroy it.

Sinopharm: On December 9, the UAE officially registered the inactivated vaccine developed by the Sinopharm CNBG’s Beijing Institute of Biological Products. Vaccine that underwent late-stage trials in the UAE has 86% efficacy against COVID-19. It consists of virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens that have been grown in culture and have lost their disease-producing capacity.

Moderna: The results of this vaccine are extremely promising, as they showed it is 94.5% effective in protecting against the virus. The vaccine uses genetic material called messenger RNA which teaches the subject’s cells to build viral proteins – in the case of this vaccine, the coronavirus spike protein.

Pfizer: It has shown a 95% effectiveness for preventing COVID-19. The vaccine is like Moderna’s vaccine in that they both use messenger RNA and are administered in two doses. A difficulty with the Pfizer vaccine, however, is that it must be stored at much colder temperatures than the Moderna vaccine. On the other hand, it did not cause any major side effects, which is one of the reasons it is already being administered.

Sputnik: Sputnik V, Russia's COVID-19 vaccine, whose development included human trials in the UAE, has an efficacy rate of 92 percent after the second dose, according to a news release. The use of two vectors is a unique technology of the Gamaleya Center making the Russian vaccine different from others being developed globally.

Getting a COVID-19 vaccine can help protect us by creating an antibody response in the human body without having to be positive with COVID-19. A vaccine might prevent you from getting COVID-19. Or, if you get infected, the vaccine might keep us from becoming seriously ill or from developing serious complications. Getting vaccinated also might help protect people around and in our locality from COVID-19, particularly people at increased risk of severe illness from the virus.

The S protein on the surface of coronaviruses attaches to the surface of human cells. A vaccine that targets this protein might prevent it from binding to human cells and stop the virus from reproducing. However, different vaccine approaches are targeting other SARS-CoV-2 proteins.

Going ahead, the researchers envision methods could be used to establish a platform that rapidly and systemically screens various treatments for their potential to help relieve both the current pandemic and other viral respiratory threats that may arise in the future.